1. 用 rufus 制作 Ubuntu U盘启动盘
家里电脑 CPU X86 架构，系统是 Windows10，下面将它换成 Ubuntu，当前下载的最新版是 ubuntu-22.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso，不同版本安装基本都一样，Ubuntu 官方下载地址。
Windows 上装好 Rufus，插入U盘，按下面设置制作启动盘：
装好后，U盘被占 4 个GB，Ubuntu 22 被装在里面了，无需放 iso 镜像。
2. 安装步骤
BIOS 上选择 U盘启动就不讲了，这里最关键的是要 开启CSM 和 选择UEFI：
设好 UEFI 重启电脑，就出来下面选项了，选择 Try or Install Ubuntu 开始安装：
3. 设置国内原
先备份原来的源：
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
接着执行 vi /etc/apt/sources.list 编辑源，依次按 :%d 三个字符清空文件，放入下面内容：
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 22.04 LTS _Jammy Jellyfish_ - Release amd64 (20220419)]/ jammy main restricted # See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to # newer versions of the distribution. deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy main restricted ## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the ## distribution. deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates main restricted ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any ## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy universe # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy universe deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates universe # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates universe ## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu ## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to ## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in ## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu ## security team. deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy multiverse # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy multiverse deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-updates multiverse # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-updates multiverse ## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as ## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes ## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features. ## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review ## or updates from the Ubuntu security team. deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse # deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security main restricted # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security universe # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security universe deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ jammy-security multiverse # deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security multiverse # This system was installed using small removable media # (e.g. netinst, live or single CD). The matching "deb cdrom" # entries were disabled at the end of the installation process. # For information about how to configure apt package sources, # see the sources.list(5) manual.
接着使用命令 sudo apt update 更新源就好了。
4. 安装 SSH 服务
# 安装 SSH 服务 apt install -y openssh-server # 安装 vim（通过 vi 改 ssh 文件太难受） apt install -y vim
允许 root 账户使用 SSH：
vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
找到 PermitRootLogin prohibit-password 注释掉，下面加一条 PermitRootLogin yes，改好后重启服务：
systemctl start sshd
5. 允许 root 账号登录桌面
默认 root 账号无法登录桌面的，下面来支持下，先配个 root 密码：
sudo passwd root
接下来执行 su root 切换到 root 账户下操作：
vim /etc/pam.d/gdm-autologin
找到 auth required pam_succeed_if.so user !=root quiet_success 加 # 注释，大概在第三行。
vim /etc/pam.d/gdm-password
在 auth required pam_succeed_if.so user !=root quiet_success 加 # 注释。
两处注释掉后重启电脑，就可以用 root 账号来登录桌面了。
6. 安装 Nvidia GPU 显卡驱动
# 借助下面命令查看可安装驱动 ubuntu-drivers devices # 安装带 recommend 标志的驱动 # 遇到在 GTX 3060 Ti 上装了 recommend 标志的驱动 nvidia-driver-525-open，重启无效，卸载后，指定装 nvidia-driver-525 重启就没问题了。 sudo apt install -y nvidia-driver-525
装到一半出现 UEFI Secure boot 验证机制，需要输入一个 secure boot 密码（装 GTX 3060 Ti 时没有出现这个验证机制），以便重启系统时再次输入此密码来验证固件启动的代码是可信的：
安装完显卡驱动后，需重启加载驱动，重启后出现如下图，开始不懂选了第一个 Continue boot，致新安装的 N 卡驱动没有加载，想重新选择重启电脑却再也不不出来此界面：
出现 perform mok management 后正确的做法是：
- 当进入蓝色背景的界面perform mok management 后，选择 enroll mok
- 进入enroll mok 界面，选择 continue
- 进入enroll the key 界面，选择 yes
- 接下来输入你在安装驱动时输入的密码
- 之后会跳到蓝色背景的界面perform mok management 选择第一个 reboot
这样，重启后N卡驱动就加载了（ubuntu下搜索软件 nvidia）：
也可以用下面的命令来测试 nvidia driver 是否安装成功：
nvidia-smi
对于像我一样刚开始 perform mok management 选错的，可以通过下面方式清理驱动，然后重新安装：
sudo apt remove -y --purge nvidia* sudo apt update sudo apt install nvidia-driver-525
最后附上 Docker 中 GPU 的使用。